| schema:description 2 | "内容記述: CHAPTER 1. Background and Overview: Definitions, Concepts, and Challenges for Policymaking; Overview of the Book.. PART I: The Need for Environmental and Natural Resource Policy: Consequences of Economic Growth; Institutional and Policy Failure; CHAPTER 2. Classical Causes of Environmental Degradation: Growth and the Environment; Welfare and Policy Reform; Market Failure; Externalities; CHAPTER 3. Public Economics and Information: Public Goods, Club Goods, and Common Property; Congestion; Asymmetric Information and Uncertainty; CHAPTER 4. Adapting Models to Ecosystems: Ecology, Time and Space: A Simple Bioeconomic Model of a Fishery; Bioeconomics and the Management of Ecosystems; Management in an Intertemporal Setting; Spatial Heterogeneity and Land Use; CHAPTER 5. The Evolution of Rights: Real Property; Common Property Resources; Water Law; Lessons for Environmental Externalities and Commons. PART II. Review of Policy Instruments: CHAPTER 6. Direct Regulation of the Environment: Optimality and Policy Instruments; Direct Provision of Public Goods; Regulation of Technology; Regulation of Performance; CHAPTER 7. Tradable Permits: U.S. Emissions Trading Programs; Other Emissions Trading Programs; Trading Programs for Other Resources; CHAPTER 8. Taxes: Pigovian Taxes; Taxes, Charges and Earmarking; Taxes on Inputs and Outputs; Taxing Natural Resources; CHAPTER 9. Subsidies, Deposit-Refund Schemes, and Refunded Emissions Payments: Subsidies and Subsidy Removal; Deposit-Refund, Tax-Subsidy, and Other Two-Part Tariff Systems; Refunded Emission Payments; CHAPTER 10. Property Rights, Legal Instruments, and Informational Policies: Creation of Property Rights; Common Property Resource Management; Liability and Other Legal Instruments; Environmental Agreements; Provision of Information; CHAPTER 11. National Policy and Planning. PART III. Selection of Policy Instruments: CHAPTER 12. Efficiency of Policy Instruments: Heterogeneous Abatement Costs; Heterogeneous Damage Costs; Efficiency in an Intertemporal Sense; Technological Progress, Growth, and Inflation; CHAPTER 13. Role of Uncertainty and Information Asymmetry: Uncertainty in Abatement and Damage Costs (Price vs. Quantity); Uncertainty Concerning Type of Polluter or User; Uncertainty Concerning Polluter or User Behavior; CHAPTER 14. Equilibrium Effects and Market Conditions: Goal Fulfillment, Abatement, and Output Substitution; General Equilibrium, Taxation, and the Double Dividend; Adapting to Market Conditions; CHAPTER 15. Distribution of Coasts: Distribution of Costs and Rights between Polluters and Society; Allocation of Rights; Incidence of Costs between Polluters; Income Distributional Effects and Poverty. CHAPTER 16. Politics and Psychology of Policy Instruments: Politics of Policy Instrument Selection; Enforcement, Monitoring, and the Psychology of Instrument Choice; Policymaking in Severely Resource-Constrained Economies; CHAPTER 17. International Aspects: International Environmental Issues; Trade, International Relations, and Local Policymaking; Competitiveness and the Porter Hypothesis; CHAPTER 18. Design of Policy Instruments: Environmental Policy Selection Matrix; Interaction between Policies. PART IV. Policy Instruments for Road Transportation: CHAPTER 19. Environmental Damage Caused by Transportation: Vehicles; Location; Combining Vehicle Age and Location; Engine Temperature and Other Factors; CHAPTER 20. Environmental Road Pricing: Calculating Environmental Damage from Road Transportation; Simpler Pricing Schemes; CHAPTER 21. Taxation or Regulation for Fuel Efficiency: Fuel Taxation; Regulations Instead of Price Mechanisms; CHAPTER 22. Fuel Quality, Vehicle Standards, and Urban Planning: Fuel Quality and the Phaseout of Lead; Policies for Fuel Quality in Sweden and Other Countries; Vehicle Standards, Efficiency, and Distributional Concerns; Urban Pollution in Developing-World Cities; CHAPTER 23. Lessons Learned: Transportation. PART V. Policy Instruments for Industrial Pollution: CHAPTER 24. Experience in Developed Countries: Abating Sulfur Emissions; Reducing NOx Emissions from Combustion; Green Tax Reform in Sweden and Germany; Prohibition Compared with Other Policies: Trichloroethylene; Liability and Superfund; Information Provision and VAs on U.S. Toxic Emissions; Global Policymaking: Protecting the Ozone Layer; Global Climate Change: Domestic Policies and New Technology; CHAPTER 25. Experience in Developing Countries: Environmental Funds and Other Instruments: CEE Countries; Environmental Fees and Funds: China; Environmental Changes: Rio Negro, Columbia; Voluntary Participation in Emissions Control: Mexico; Differentiated Electricity Tariffs: Mexico and Zambia; Information Provision and Institutional Capacity: Indonesia; Tow-Tier Pollution Regulation: India; Lessons Learned. PART VI. Policy Instruments for the Management of Natural Resources and Ecosystems: CHAPTER 26. Water: Water Management and Tariffication; Tariff Structures in Some Middle Eastern Economies; Water Tariffs in Chile; Water Management, Laws, and Pricing in Southern Africa; Pricing Water When Metering Is Not Possible; CPR Management of Water. CHAPTER 27. Waste: Economic Incentives in Waste Management; Waste Management in Developing Countries; Tourism and Waste Management in the Caribbean; Eco-Labeling of Scaps and Detergents; Tradable Packaging Water Recovery Notes; CHAPTER 28. Fisheries: Management of Small-Scale Subsistence Fisheries; ITQs in Fishery Management; Conclusions; CHAPTER 29. Agriculture: Managing Agricultural Runoff; Property Rights, Population Growth, and Soil Erosion; Risk in Sharecropper Agriculture; Eco-Taxes in Agroindustry; CHAPTER 30. Forestry: Subsidies; Taxes; Regulations; Forest Concessions and Timber Contracts; Certification; Carbon Offsets and Other Forms of International Payment; Clarification of Property Rights; CHAPTER 31. Ecosystems: CPR Management of Wildlife in Zimbabwe; Protection of Marine Ecosystems; Shaping Ecosystem Policy. PART VII. Conclusion: CHAPTER 32. Policy Issues and Potential Solutions: Policymaking Criteria; Efficiency; Uncertainty, Risk, and Information Asymmetry; Ecological and Technical Complexities; The Provision of Environmental Public Goods; Feasibility, Marker Structure, and General Equilibrium Effects; Cost Distribution and the Politics of Policymaking; National and International Policymaking; Conclusion....(more)" |