| schema:description 2 | "内容記述: 1. Introduction: 1.1. The maker for genetic resources; 1.2. The economic value of biological diversity; 1.3. The CBD and national laws on access and benefit-sharing; 1.4. The actors: 1.4.1. The private sector; 1.4.2. The public sector; 1.4.3. Intermediaries; 1.4.4. Communities; 1.5: The different perspectives: 1.5.1. The companies' argument; 1.5.2. The source countries' argument; 1.6. The sectors: 1.6.1. Market size and growth; 1.6.2. Research; 1.6.3. Cost and time to develop a product; 1.6.4. Social, environmental and ethical issues; 1.7. The commercial use of biodiversity: about this book: 1.7.1. Content of the book; 1,8. Conclusion. 2. Regulating Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit-Sharing: the Legal Aspects: 2.1. Introduction to the CBD and national law related to access to genetic resources: 2.1.1. The CBD: an overview; 2.1.2. The CBD process;2.1.3. Access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing in the CBD; 2.1.4. National and regional regulation of access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing. 2.2. The scope and requirements of national and regional law on access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing: 2.2.1. Scope; 2.2.2. Mutually agreed terms; 2.2.3. Prior informed consent; 2.3. Conclusions for individuals seeking access to genetic resources ane benefit-sharing. 3. Natural Products and the Pharmaceutical Industry. 3.1. Introduction; 3.2. The pharmaceutical industry: 3.2.1. Global markets; 3.2.2. Structure of the industry; 3.3. The role and value of natural product-derived drugs: 3.3.1. Plants; 3.2.2. Microbial sources; 3.3.3. Marine organisms; 3.3.4. Insects; 3.3.5. Animal genetic resources; 3.3.6. Human genetic resources; 3.4. Pharmaceutical industry investment in research and development: 3.4.1. An overview of pharmaceutical industry research and development expenditures; 3.4.2. Investment and time to discover and develop a a new drug; 3.5. Pharmaceutical drug discovery and development: 3.5.1. Discovery; .3.5.2. Development; 3.5.3. Trends in pharmaceutical research and development and the rule of natural products; 3.5.4. Conclusions; 3.6. The acquisition of natural product samples: 3.6.1. Who collects genetic resources?; 3.6.2. Sourcing samples from libraries and ex situ collections; 3.6.3. The scale of acquisition programmes; 3.6.4. Type of material acquired; 3.6.5. Criteria for sample collection; 3.6.6. The ethnobotanical approach to drug discovery; 3.6.7. Representation of geographic diversity in collections; 3.7. Benefit-sharing: 3.7.1. Monetary benefits; 3.7.2. Non-monetary benefits; 3.7.3. Public benefits; 3.8. Conclusions. 4. The Botanical Medicine Industry: 4.1. Introduction; 4.2. The botanical medicine industry: 4.2.1. Global Markets; 4.2.2. Botanical medicine products; 4.3. The structure of the botanical medicine industry: 4.3.1. Supply companies; 4.3.2. Manufacturing and marketing companies; 4.3.3. Consumer sales; 4.4. Market trends; 4.5. Scientific and technological trends: 4.5.1. Developing a new product; 4.5.2. Identification, extraction and standardisation; 4.6. Regulatory trends; 4.7. Nutraceuticals: 4.7.1. US regulatory environment; 4.8. Raw material supplies: 4.8.1. 'Boom/bust' cycles; 4.8.2. Major raw material exporting and importing countries; 4.8.3. Wild versus cultivated sources; 4.8.4. Conservation and wise management; 4.9. Case study: exploding international demand for a species with widespread traditional use: the case of kava (Piper methysticum); 4.10. Practices in benefit-sharing; 4.10.1. Monetary benefits; 4.10.2. Non-monetary benefits; 4.11. Case study: The development of a benefit-sharing partnership in Vietnam: Panax Vietnamensis - a 'new' ginseng; 4.12. Conclusion. 5. The Development of Major Crops by the Seed Industry: 5.1. Introduction: 5.1.1. Policy context; 5.1.2. The roles of actors and markets; 5.1.3. The development of a new variety; 5.2. Regulations relevant to the release of new agricultural crop varieties on to the market: 5.2.1. Phytosanitary measures; 5.2.2. Seed certification and labelling; 5.2.3. Intellectual property rights; 5.2.4. The release and marketing of GMOs; 5.2.5. The implications for access of seed certification systems, the regulation of GMOs, PS measures and IPRs; 5.3. Access to genetic resources: 5.3.1. Who needs access to genetic resources?; 5.3.2. How do breeders select materials for use in breeding efforts?; 5.3.3. From where and from whom do breeders obtain their materials?; 5.4. What kind of material do breeders want?: 5.4.1. The demand for access to landraces and wild relatives for seed breeding; 5.4.2. The demand for access to 'foreign' or 'exotic' material in crop breeding; 5.4.3. Will the demand for access to primitive and exotic materials grow in the future?; 5.4.4. The demand for access to improved material in seed breeding; 5.4.5. Conclusions on access; 5.5. Benefit-sharing: 5.5.1. Introduction; 5.5.2. Monetary benefits; 5.5.3. Non-monetary benefits; 5.5.4. IR64: a case study; 5.6. Conclusions and recommendations: 5.6.1. Conclusions; 5.6.2. Recommendations. 6. Horticulture: 6.1. Introduction; 6.1.1. The definition of 'horticulture' and the scope of this chapter; 6.1.2. The actor and their role in the development of new ornamental varieties; 6.1.3. The role of horticulture companies in breeding new ornamental varieties; 6.2. Access to genetic resources: 6.2.1. Demand for access to new materials; 6.2.2. Sources of material; 6.3. Benefit-sharing: 6.3.1. Monetary benefits; 6.3.2. Non-monetary benefits; 6.4. Case studies: 6.4.1. Orchid-breeding and registration; 6.4.2. The Pipa Horticultural Company Lt; 6.5.Conclusions. 7. Crop Protection: 7.1. Introduction: 7.1.1. The roles of actors and markets; 7.1.2. Crop protection products based on or derived from genetic resources; 7.1.3. The process of developing a new crop protection product; 7.2. Access to genetic resources: 7.2.1. Which organisations require access to genetic resource?; 7.2.2. From where are genetic resources obtained?; 7.2.3. What kind of genetic resources are in demand?; 7.2.4. How are genetic resources selected for research?; 7.2.5. Future demand for access to genetic resources; 7.3. Benefit-sharing: 7.3.1. Monetary benefits; 7.3.2. Non-monetary benefits; 7.4. Case studies: 7.4.1.Benefit-sharing by the International Locust Control Programme, Lutte Biologique contre les Locustes et les Sauteriaux (LUBILOSA); 7.4.2. The Latin American International Cooperative Biodiversity Group (IBM); 7.5. Conclusions. 8. Biotechnology in Fields other than Healthcare and Agriculture: 8.1. Introduction: 8.1.1. Introduction to biotechnology products and processes; 8.1.2. The actors; 8.1.3. Quantifying markets; 8.1.4. Some important categories of biotechnology products; 8.1.5. The research and development process; 8.1.6. The regulatory process; 8.2. Access to genetic resources: 8.2.1. Who collects genetic resources for biotechnology research and development?; 8.2.2. Ex situ collections; 8.2.3. Acquisition of materials from other organisations; 8.2.4. How are genetic resources selected for research and development?; 8.2.5. The nature of genetic resources sought; 8.2.6. Resupply; 8.2.7. Choice of suppliers and collaborators; 8.3. Benefit-sharing: 8.3.1. Monetary benefits; 8.3.2. Non-monetary benefits; 8.4. Case studies: 8.4.1. TheDiversa/INBio Agreement; 8.4.2. New England Biolabs; 8.5. Conclusions. 9. The Natural Personal Care and Cosmetics Industry; 9.1. Introduction; 9.2. The natural personal care and cosmetics market: 9.2.1. Definition of category; 9.2.2. Global markets for personal care and cosmetic products; 9.2.3. Types of markets and outlets for products; 9.2.4. The natural component of the personal care and cosmetics market; 9.2.5. Structure of the industry; 9.3. What is 'natural'?; 9.4. Trends that impact demand for natural personal care and cosmetic products; 9.5. Scientific and technological trends: 9.5.1. Products and ingredient trends; 9.5.2. The use of traditional knowledge; 9.5.3. The acquisition of natural product samples; 9.6. Sourcing raw materials for manufacture; 9.7. Regulatory environment; 9.8. Demand for access to 'new' species; 9.9. Benefit-sharing: 9.9.1. Monetary benefits; 9.9.2. Non-monetary benefits; 9.9.3. Benefit-sharing conclusions; 9.10. Case studies: 9.10.1. The production and marketing of a species in the 'public domain': the Yawanawa and Aveda Corporation Bixa orellana Project, Brazil; 9.10.2. Cohune oil: marketing a personal care product for community development and conservation in Guatemala - an overview of the Conservation International and Croda Inc partnership; 9.11. Conclusion. 10. Industry and the CBD: 10.1. Introduction; 10.2. Companies' awareness and understanding of the CBD; 10.3. Companies' opinions of the CBD: 10.3.1. Positive views on the CBD; 10.3.2. Negative views on the CBD; 10.4. The impact of the CBD on business, and companies' response; 10.4.1. Decrease in and consolidation of collecting activities; 10.4.2. Greater resource to ex situ collections; 10.4.3. The increasing importance of intermediaries; 10.4.4. Increased use of MTAs and emphasis on legal acquisition of samples; 10.5. Corporate policies on access to genetic resources, traditional knowledge and benefit-sharing: 10.5.1. Corporate policies addressing related environmental and social issues; 10.5.2. Professional codes of conduct related to access to genetic resources, traditional knowledge and benefit-sharing; 10.6. Institutional policies in response to the CBD; 10.7. Conclusions. 11. Conclusions: 11.1. Overview; 11.2. Introduction; 11.3. Markets for natural products; 11.4. The nature and extent of private-sector demand for access to genetic resources: 11.4.1. Scientific and technological advances; 11.4.2. Legal and policy environment; 11.4.3. Demand for access to traditional knowledge; 11.5. The nature and extent of benefit-sharing across industry sectors: 11.5.1. Pharmaceuticals; 11.6. The role of intermediaries; 11.7. Views on the CBD, and corporate and institutional policies; 11.8. Access and benefit-sharing, sustainable development, and the conservation of biodiversity. 12. Recommendations: 12.1. Overview; 12.2. Recommendations to governments on access regulations; 12.3. Recommendations on the role of intermediary organisations; 12.4. Recommendations to industry; 12.5. Indicators of fair and equitable benefit-sharing: 12.5.1. Process indicators; 12.5.2. Content indicators; 12.6. Corporate and institutional policies on access and benefit-sharing; 1.27. Summary of recommendations: 12.7.1. Recommendations for governments regulating access; 12.7.2. Recommendations for companies and other organisations seeking access....(more)" |