| schema:description 2 | "内容記述: 1. PEOPLE AND LAND: 1.0. introduction; 1.1. Population densities and land use: Variations in population densities; Land use; 1.2. History of world population and growth rates; 1.3. Variation in population characteristics in the modern world: Birth, fertility, and growth rates; Life expectancy and age distributions; Policy questions; 1.4. Population and wealth: Policy questions; 1.5. Too many people? A comparison of lesser-developed countries with industrial countries: Education and employment; Income and wealth; Women; Policy questions; 1.6. Too many people? A discussion of the population of the United States: Population in the 20th century; Occupations and life-styles; Income and race; Policy questions; 1.7. Population control: Carrying capacity; Quality of life; Population control; Policy questions; Problems; References; 2. FOOD: 2.0. Introduction; 2.1. Human dietary requirements: Water; Carbohydrates; Fats (lipids); Proteins; Specific elements - minerals; Special chemicals; Policy questions; 2.2. Crop production: Energy and plant food; Requirements for crop production; Grain production; Nongrain plants; Policy questions; 2.3. Animal production: The commons; Animal raising Policy questions; 2.4. Fishing: The nature of fish; The fishing industry; Animals and fish in human nutrition; Policy questions; 2.5. Money and agriculture: Environmental issues; Money; The future; Policy questions; Problems; References; 3. NATURAL HAZARDS: 3.0. Introduction; 3.1. Earth's engines of change and their consequences: The consequences of change and the recognition of hazards; 3.2. Thinking about risk: Natural hazards as a societal risk; Policy questions; 3.3. Earthquakes: Causes and kinds of earthquakes; Destruction associated with earthquakes; Risk analysis and prevention of earthquake destruction; Policy questions; 3.4. Volcanic eruptions: The nature of volcanic eruptions; Volcanic hazards; Risk and prediction ; Policy questions; 3.5. Tsunamis: Policy questions; 3.6. River floods: Seasonal floods; Randomly occurring floods; Floods induced by human activity; Policy questions; 3.7. Coastal flooding and erosion: Coastlines at risk; Human activity and the coastline; Policy questions; 3.8. Landslides and related processes: Causes of rapid downslope movement of earth materials; Human influences on downslope movement; Policy questions; 3.9. Who pays for natural disasters?: Policy questions; 3.10. Conclusion; Problems; References; 4. WATER: 4.0. Introduction; 4.1. Abundance of water: Global considerations; The (mostly) freshwater budge; Regional considerations of freshwater availability; 4.2. Human uses of water: Where do we get water?; What do we do with water?; Choices versus necessities in water use; Policy questions; 4.3. The surface water resources: Amount of surface runoff; Drainage basins and watersheds; Extraction of water for human use and the construction of dams; The Colorado: A parable of a river; Policy questions; 4.4. The groundwater resources: The geology of groundwater; Extraction of groundwater; A case study of groundwater use: The High Plains aquifer; Policy questions; 4.5. Water quality: Drinking water; Other uses; Policy questions; 4.6. What do societies do to control and apportion water?: Who owns the water?; Police questions; Problems; References; 5. ENERGY: 5.0. Introduction; 5.1. Temperature, energy, heat, and power; 5.2. Types of energy sources: Direct energy; Electricity; Stored energy; Policy questions; 5.3. Fossil fuels: Products of decay of organic matter; Combustion; Geology of oil and natural gas; Distributional and reserves of oil and gas; Production, consumption, and transportation of oil; Oil shale and tar sand; Geology and distribution of coal; Policy questions; 5.4. Nuclear power: Radioactive decay; Fission; Fusion; Nuclear reactors and bombs; Fuel supplies for reactors; Policy questions; 5.5. Present and future energy use: Energy and the economy; Present energy use; Future energy use; Policy questions; Problems; References; 6. MINERAL RESOURCES: 6.0. Introduction; 6.1. Definition and characteristics of mineral resources: Sustainable versus nonsustainable resources; Scarcity of resources; Resource and reserve inventories; Fixed location of mineral resources; Discovery risk; Policy questions; 6.2. Classification and formation of mineral deposits: Classification; Geological ore-forming processes; 6.3. Location of nonfuel mineral resources: Policy questions; 6.4. Methods of mining ore and preparing it for market: Policy questions; 6.5. Legal and property issues: Regulation versus accessory rights to minerals; The problem of the public lands in the United States; Policy questions; 6.6. Thoughts on minerals and the future; Problems; References; 7. WASTE AND POLLUTION: 7.0. Introduction; 7.1. Dispersal of waste in soil, surface water, groundwater, and air; 7.2. Bulk waste: Policy questions; 7.3. Hazardous chemicals: Industrial chemicals; Pesticides and herbicides; Disposal of hazardous waste; Policy questions; 7.4. Radioactive waste: Dangers of radioactive waste; High-level waste; Low-level waste; Policy questions; 7.5. Biologically active waste: Sewage; Excess nutrients (eutrophication); Policy questions; 7.6. Air pollution: Acid rain; Smog; Policy questions; 7.7. Summary and conclusions: Bulk waste; Hazardous chemicals; Radioactive waste; Biologically active waste; Air pollution; Problems; References; 8. GLOBAL CHANGE: 8.0. Introduction; 8.1. History and controls of climate and atmosphere: Control of atmospheric composition; Control of climate; 8.2. Human activity and the recent history of atmosphere and climate: Recent history of the atmosphere and climate; Possible effects of human activity; Possible consequences of global warming; Policy questions; 8.3. Extinctions and species diversity: Extinction of the megafauna; Modern species diversity; Extinctions and endangered species; Deforestation; Policy questions; 8.4. Chemical modification of the earth's surface: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and the ozone layer; Lead; Policy questions; 8.4. Summary and conclusions; Problems; References; 9. A FINAL WORD: People and Land; Food; Natural hazards; Water; Energy; Mineral resources; Waste and pollution; Global change; A final word....(more)" |