| rdf:type | <https://jpsearch.go.jp/term/type/資料一般> |
| rdfs:label | "Integrated Solid Waste Management: a Life Cycle Inventory, 2nd Edition" |
| schema:name | "Integrated Solid Waste Management: a Life Cycle Inventory, 2nd Edition" @ja |
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| schema:contributor | <https://jpsearch.go.jp/entity/ncname/Forbes_R._McDougall,_Peter_R._White,_Marina_Fran-g2825185004> (➜ "Forbes R. McDougall, Peter R. White, Marina Franke & Peter Hindle") |
| schema:dateCreated | "2001" |
| schema:description 2 | "内容記述: Preface; Currency conversion values. CONCEPTS AND CASE STUDIES: CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION: Summary; The aims of the book; What is waste?; The concerns over waste: The old concern - the conservation of resources; The new concerns - pollution and the deterioration of renewables; Sustainable waste management; Pollution; Objectives; Current approaches - legislation; End-of -pipe regulations; Strategic targets; Economic costs of environmental improvements: Internalising external environmental costs; Building environmental objectives into the waste management system; An integrated approach to solid waste management. CHAPTER 2. INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT: Summary; The basic requirements of waste management: The generation of less waste; The concept of Sustainable Waste Management; Characteristics of a Sustainable Waste Management System: An integrated system; Market oriented; Flexibility; Scale; Social acceptability; Development of the Integrated Waste Management concept; Implementing Integrated Waste Management: The importance of a holistic approach; Paying for integrated Waste Management; Waste management planning and the Hierarchy of Waste Management; Intergraded Waste Management in countries with developing economies: IWM systems for countries with developing economies; Dumping and landfiling; Separation and treatment of organic waste; Recycling and scavenging; Incineration; The benefits of IWM to countries with developing economies; Modelling waste management - why model?: Previous modelling of waste management; Using Life Cycle Assessment for Integrated Waste Management: Models; Data. CHAPTER 3. THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: CASE STUDIES AND THEIR ANALYSIS: Summary; Introduction; Case study format; Case studies: Difficulty of comparison; Common drivers; Legislation; IWM begins at a local level; System evolution; Case study details - schematic diagrams: Abbreviations; Definitions (see also CHAPTERS 8-14); Pamplona, Spain, 1996: Summary - Pamplona; Collection; Treatment; Landfill; Additional information; Prato, Italy, 1997: Summary - Prato; Collection; Treatment; Landfill; Additional information; Brescia, Italy, 1996: Summary - Brescia commune; Collection; Treatment; Landfill; Additional information; Hampshire, England, 1996/7: Summary - Hampshire; Collection; Treatment; Landfill; Additional Information; Helsinki, Finland, 1997: Summary - Helsinki; Collection; Treatment; Landfill; Additional information; Lahn-Dill-Kreis, Germany, 1996: Summary - Lahn-Dill-Kreis; Collection; Treatment; Landfill; Additional information - how to move towards Integrated Waste Management; Vienna, Austria, 1996: Summary - Vienna; Collection; Treatment; Landfill; Additional information; Malm? Region, Sweden, 1996: Summary - Malm? Region; Collection; Treatment; Landfill; Additional Information; Z?rich, Switzerland, 1997: Summary - Z?rich; Collection; Treatment; Landfill; Additional information; Copenhagen, Denmark, 1996: Summary - Copenhagen; Collection; Treatment; Landfill; Additional information; Seattle, USA, 1998: Summary - Seattle; Collection; Treatment; Landfill; Additional information; Case study analysis - conclusions; Madras, India, 1999 - a case study from a country with a developing economy: Introduction; The development of EXNORA; The scale of EXNORA's success; Future plans for EXNORA; Conclusions; Optimisation of Integrated Waste Management systems. CHAPTER 4. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT: Summary; What is Life Cycle Assessment?; Benefits of the Life Cycle Approach; Limitations of the Life Cycle Approach; International Standards Organisation (ISO) - The ISO 14040 series; Structure of a Life Cycle Assessment: Goal and scope definition: Defining the goal of the study; Defining the scope of the study; Product system; Functional unit; System boundaries; Life Cycle Inventory Analysis (LCI): Data quality requirements; Sensitivity and uncertainly analysis; Transparency; Critical review; Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA): Classification; Selection of impact categories; Characterisation; Normalisation; Weighting; Life Cycle Interpretation: Identification of significant issues; Evaluation; Conclusions, recommendations and reporting; Life Cycle Inventory of solid waste. CHAPTER 5. A LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY OF SOLID WASTE: Summary; Integrated Waste Management and Life Cycle Inventory; A Life Cycle Inventory of waste: Goal definition; What are the purposes of the LCI?; Defining the functional unit; System boundaries: Where is the cradle of waste and where is the grave?; The cradle; The grave; What level of detail?; The Inventory stage; Results of the Life Cycle Inventory model: system inputs and outputs: Net energy consumption; Air and water emissions; Landfill volume; Recovered materials and compost; Other statistics; Fuel and electricity consumption in the Life Cycle of solid waste: Electricity consumption; Petrol and diesel consumption; Natural gas consumption; The economic assessment; The main differences between IWM-1 and IWM-2 Life Cycle Inventory models; Other LCI models for waste management: US Environmental Protection Agency Life Cycle model for waste management; The UK Environmental Agency model; CSR/EPIC model; The relationship between a Life Cycle Inventory for waste and product or packaging Life Cycle Inventories. CHAPTER 6. LCI CASE STUDIES: Summary; Introduction; Caracas, Venezuela - LCI scenarios for the recovery of recyclable material: LCI tool; Baseline scenario; Recycling scenario; Comparison; Conclusions; Acknowledgment; Pamplona, Spain - LCI scenarios for separate collocation of organic material: LCI tool; Baseline scenario; Pamplona scenarios; Results; Conclusions; Acknowledgement; Gloucestershire country, UK - LCI scenarios for composting, recycling and incineration: Development of waste management scenarios for Gloucestershire; Baseline scenario; Results; Conclusions 1; Application; Further studies; Use of LCI results by local authorities; Conclusions 2; Acknowledgements; Barcelona Metropolitan Area - LCI for long-term Integrated Waste Management strategy planning: Collection and disposal; Objectives of the new waste management system; Use of an LCI tool to help develop the new Integrated Waste Management system; The new Integrated Waste Management system; Conclusions; London, Ontario, Canada - LCI for assessment of different materials recycling options: Result from the LCI model: Energy; Global Warming Potential (GWP); Conclusions; Acknowledgments; United States Environmental Protection Agency case studies: Background; Decision Support Tool; Testing the Decision Support Tool in local communities; Wisconsin case study methodology and results: Waste composition, generational, and recycling data; Collection, recycling, and disposal options for residential, multi-family, and commercial waste; Key assumptions employed; Discussion of results; Acknowledgments; United Kingdom Environmental Agency case studies: Introduction; Interpretation of the data from WISARD; Brighton & Hove Council; Carmarthenshire Country Council; Nottingham City Council; Dorset Country Council; Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council; Pendle Borough Council (Lancashire); Powys County Council; Shropshire County Council; Surrey County Council; Conclusions; Acknowledgements; Where to from here? CHAPTER 7. THE OVERALL PICTURE: Introduction; From Life Cycle Inventory results to sustainability; The progress so far; Future directions. ELEMENTS OF IWM: CHAPTER 8. SOLID WASTE GENERATION AND COMPOSITION: Summary; Introduction; Solid waste generation; Solid wastes dealt with in this study; Quantities of MASW generated; Composition of MSW: Composition of MSW - by materials; Composition of MSW - by chemical analysis; Variability in MSW generation; Effects of source reduction; MSW classification - the need for standardisation; MSW analysis methods. CHAPTER 9. WASTE COLLECTION: Summary; Introduction; Home sorting: Sorting ability; Sorting motivation; Bring versus kerbside collection systems; Collection systems: Dry recyclable materials: Single (mono) material banks; Mixed recyclables banks; Kerbside collection; Amount of material collected; Contamination levels; Biowaste and garden waste: Biowaste definition; The advantages of including non-recyclable paper in the definition of biowaste; Possible disadvantages of including non-recyclable paper in the definition of biowaste; Amounts of biowaste collected; Contamination levels; Collection methods; Packaging waste: Status of implementation; Inconsistencies between packaging recovery schemes; Costs of different recovery schemes; Results of used packaging recovery schemes; Hazardous materials in household waste - the exception that proves the rule; Bulky waste; Restwaste; Variable rate pricing systems (pay-as-you-throw): Case study: San Jose, California, USA; Case study: Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; Lessons learned; Success: increased recycling participation; Integrated collection schemes. CHAPTER 10. CENTRAL SORTING: Summary; Introduction; Generation sorting techniques: Manual sorting; Mechanical sorting: Screening; Air classification; Air knife; Sink/float separation; Flotation; Magnetic separation; Electromagnetic separation; Electrostatic separation; Detect and rout systems; Roll crushing; Shredding; Baling; Central sorting at a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF): Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) design; Advances in MRF technology: Single-stream processing of dry recyclables; Integrated waste processing; Sorting of mixed waste for Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF): Status of RDF; RDF sorting processes: Waste reception and storage; Waste liberation and screening; Fuel refining; Fuel preparation; Fuel storage and quality control. CHAPTER 11. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT: Summary; Introduction; Biological treatment objectives: Pre-treatment for disposal: Volume reduction; Stabilisation; Sterilisation; Valorisation: Biogas production; Compost production; Overview of biological treatment; Biological treatment processes: Pre-treatment; Aerobic processing - composting; Dry stabilization; Anaerobic processing - biogasification: 'Wet' anaerobic digestion; 'Dry' anaerobic digestion; Maturation and refining; Compost markets; Compost standards. CHAPTER 12. THERMAL TREATMENT: Summary; Introduction; Thermal treatment objectives; Current state of thermal treatment; Mass-burn incineration of MSW: The incineration process: Grate incinerators; Fluidised bed incinerators; Rotary combustors or rotary kilns; Multiple-chamber incinerators; Multiple-hearth furnace; Pyrolysis or starved air; Energy from waste plants (EfW); Emission control: Carbon dioxide (CO?); Carbon monoxide (CO); Hydrochloric acid (HCl); Hydrogen fluoride (HF); Sulphur oxides (Sox); Nitrogen oxides (NOx); Particulates; Heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr); Dioxins and furans; Gas-cleaning equipment: Electrostatic precipitators (ESP); Fabric filters; Scrubbers (wet, dry, semi-dry); Dry scrubbing; Nitrogen control; Treatment of solid residues; Burning of Refuse -Derived Fuel (RDF); Burning of source-separated paper and plastic; Emission limits; Public acceptability. CHAPTER 13. LANDFILLING: Summary; Introduction; Landfilling objectives; Current landfilling activity; Landfilling - basic philosophy; Landfill siting; Landfill site design and operation; Landfill leachate; Landfill gas; Waste inputs; Scavenging. CHAPTER 14. MATERIALS RECYCLING: Summary; Introduction; Materials manufacturing and recycling processes: Transportation; Paper and board manufacturing and recycling; Glass; Ferrous metal manufacture and recycling; Non-ferrous metal manufacture and recycling; Plastic manufacturing and recycling; Textiles. IWM2 MODEL GUIDE: CHAPTER 15. IWM-2: A LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY MODEL FOR INTERACTED WASTE MANAGEMENT: Summary; Introduction: Who are the potential users of the model?; What are the potential uses of the model?; What data are needed to run the model?; What is the goal of the model?; What is the scope of the model?; What is the functional unit of the model?; What are the system boundaries (cradle and grave) of the model?; Allocation procedure; Conventions used in this chapter; The IWM- 2 computer model; The use guide: Welcome to IWM-2; IWM-2 Main screen. CHAPTER 16. WASTE INPUTS: Defining the waste input for the LCI computer model - data sources; Classification of solid waste used in the Life Cycle Inventory; The Waste Input screen: Tab 1 System area (Screen 3); Tab 2 Collected Household Waste (Screen 4); Tab 3 Delivered Household Waste (Screen 5); Tab 4 Collected Commercial Waste (Screen 6); Tab 5 Input Summary (Screen 7). CHAPTER 17. WASTE COLLECTION: Summary; Defining the system boundaries; Environmental burdens due to transport; Other burdens; Collection bags; Collection bins; Pre-treatment of waste; Economic costs: Material bank systems; Kerbside collection systems; The Waste Collection screen: Tab 1 System Area (Screen 8); Tab 2 Collected Household Waste (Screen 9); Tab KCS#1; Tab MBCS#1 (Screen 10); Tab 3 Delivered Household Waste (Screen 11); Tab 4 Collected Commercial Waste (Screen 12); Tab 5 Summary (Screen 13). CHAPTER 18. MRF AND RDF SORTING: Summary; Defining the system boundaries: MRF sorting; Inputs; Outputs; RDF sorting: Inputs; Energy consumption; Outputs; Data used in RDF sorting section of the model; Economic Costs: MRF sorting; RDF sorting; MRF/RFD Sorting screen: Tab 1 MRF Sorting (Screen 14); Tab 2 cRDF Sorting (Screen 15); Tab 3 dRDF Sorting (Screen 16). CHAPTER 19. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT: Summary: Defining the system boundaries; Waste Inputs: Energy consumption: Composting; Biogasification; Outputs: Secondary materials from pre-sorting; Biogas/energy; Compost: Compost quantity; Environmental benefits of using compost; Sorting residue; Compost-refining residue; Air emissions; Water emissions; Economic costs; Biological treatments: Tab 1 Process Input (Screen 17); Tab 2 Composting (Screen 18); Tab 3 Biogasification (Screen 19). CHAPTER 20. THERMAL TREATMENT: Summary; Defining the system boundaries; Data availability; Water inputs; Energy consumption; Outputs: Energy; Mass burn; RDF; Source-separated fuel; Energy recovery; Air emissions: Mass burn; RDF and source-separated fuels; Water emissions; Solid waste: Mass burn; RDF; Source-separated fuel; Economic costs of thermal treatment: Mass burn; RDF and source-separated materials; Thermal treatments: Tab 1 Process Inputs (Screen 20); Tab 2 Incineration #1 (Screen 21); Tab 3 Incineration #2; Tab 4 RDF Burning (Screen 22); Tab 5 PPDF Burning (Screen 23). CHAPTER 21. LANDFILLING: Summary; Defining the system boundaries; Waste inputs: Restwaste; Sorting residues; Biological treatment residues; Ash; Solid waste from energy production or raw material manufacture; Energy consumption; Outputs: Landfill gas production: Gas production; Landfill gas from Municipal Solid Waste, Restwaste and Sorting residues; Landfill gas from biologically treated material; Landfill gas from ash; Landfill gas composition; Gas control and energy recovery; Leachate: Leachate production; Leachate composition; Leachate collection and treatment; Final inert solid waste; Economic Cost; Landfilling: Tab 1 Process Input (Screen 24); Tab 2 Transfer Station (Screen 25); Tab 3 Non-Hazardous Landfill Management & Costs (Screen 26); Tab 4 Hazardous Landfill Management & Costs. CHAPTER 22. MATERIALS RECYCLING: Summary; Defining the system boundaries; Inputs; Transport burdens; Feed-stock energy; Paper: Carbon balance; Glass; Metal: Metal -ferrous; Metal - aluminium; Plastics; Textiles; Economic costs; Model data; Materials recycling (Screen 27). 23. ADVANCED VARIABLES: Summary: Tab 1 Fuels & Electricity (Screen 28); Waste Collection: Tab 2 Waste Collection - Kerbside Collection System (KCS) #1 (Screen 29); Tab 2 Waste Collection - Material Bank Collection System (MBCS) #1 (Screen 30); Tab 2 Waste Collection - Bins & Bags (Screen 31); Tab 2 Waste Collection - Commercial (Screen 32); RDF Sorting: Tab 3 RDF Sorting - cRDF (Screen 33); Tab 3 RDF Sorting - dRDF; Thermal Treatments: Tab 4 Thermal Treatments - Incineration Process #1 (Screen 34); Tab 4 Thermal Treatments - Incineration Process #2; Tab 4 Thermal Treatments - Incineration Emissions (Screen 35); Tab 4 Thermal Treatments - RDF Burning (Screen 36); Tab 4 Thermal Treatments - PPDF Burning; Landfilling: Tab 5 Landfilling (Screen 37); Recycling: Tab 6 Recycling (Screen 38); Other Variables: Tab 7 Other Variables (Screen 39). CHAPTER 24. WASTE SYSTEM FLOW: Waste system flow. CHAPTER 25. STREAMS BUTTON: Streams. CHAPTER 26. RESULTS BUTTON: Results: Tab 1 Results - Costs (Screen 42); Tab 2 Results - Fuels (Screen 43); Tab 3 Results - Final Solid Waste (Screen 44; Tab 4 Results - Air Emissions (Screen 45); Tab 5 Results - Water Emissions; Tab 6 Results - Emissions Guide (Screen 46). CHAPTER 27. SCENARIO COMPARISONS: Compare Scenarios; Making comparisons; Identifying improvement Opportunities: The importance of operations in the home; System improvements. CHAPTER 28. WHAT PARAMETERS HAVE CHANGED?: What's Changed?; References; Index....(more)" |
| schema:description | "公開者: Oxford, UK" |
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