| schema:description 2 | "内容記述: 1. Introduction/ THe Editors1.1 References2. Abiotic Factors/ B.R.Howell & S.M.Baynes2.1 Introduction2.2 Oxygen and oxygen consumption2.3 Ammonia2.4 Temperature2.4.1 Seasonal temperature Cycle and Spawning2.4.2 Egg and larval development2.4.3 Sex ratio2.4.4 Growth and metabolism2.5 Salinity2.6 Hydrogen sulphide2.7 Light2.7.1 Growth and development2.7.2 Reproduction2.8 Algae blooms2.9 Site selection2.10 References3. Microbial Interactions,Prophylaxis and Diseases/ O.Vadstein,T.A.Mo and O.Bergh3.1 Fish - microbe interactions and implications in aquaculture3.1.1 Disease - causing organisms3.1.2 Normal fish - microbe interations,infection pathways and pathogenisis3.1.3 The immune system of fish3.2 Viral diseases: diagnosis3.2.1 Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV)3.2.2 Nodaviruses3.2.3 Other viruses3.3 Bacterial diseases: diagnosis3.3.1 Vibrio species3.3.2 Aeromonas species3.4 Parasitic Protists and metazoans: diagnosis,prophylaxis and treatment3.4.1 Protists3.4.1.1 Amoebae3.4.1.2 Apicomplexans3.4.1.3 Microsporidia3.4.1.4 Ciliates3.4.1.5 Flagellates3.4.2 Metazoans3.4.2.1 Myxosporidia ( parasitic Cnidarians )3.4.2.2 Monogeneans3.4.2.3 Cestodes3.4.2.4 Trematodes3.4.2.5 Nematodes3.4.2.6 Acanthocephalans3.4.2.7 Leeches3.4.2.8 Crustaceans3.5 A strategy for microbial control3.5.1 General considerations3.5.2 A strategy for microbial control and important elements in sucha strategy3.6 Improving environmental coditions3.6.1 Non - selective reduction of microbes3.6.2 The use of probiotics3.6.3 Selection ofr desirable bacteria3.7 Improving the resistance of the fish 3.7.1 Modulation of specific immunity - vaccination3.7.2 Modulation of non - specific immunity3.7.3 The effect of nutrition and genetics on resitance against microbes3.8 Closing remarks3.9 References4. Live Food Technology of Cold - Water Marine Fish Larvae/ Y.Olsen4.1 Introduction4.2 Cultivation systems4.3 Production of rotifers 4.3.1 Production of rotifers4.3.1.1 General biology and life history4.3.1.2 Feeding kinetics of B.plicatilis4.3.1.3 Growth, nortality and egg ratio4.3.2 Cultivation feed and feed treatments4.3.3 Cultivation of rotifers4.3.3.1 Maintenance of stock cultures4.3.3.2 Inoculation phase4.3.3.3 Early growht phase4.3.3.4 Late growth phase - harvesting srategies4.3.3.5 Production in batch culture4.3.3.6 Production in continuous culture4.3.4 High - intensity rotifer cultivation4.3.5 Problems in rotifer cultivation4.3.5.1 Feeding - related problems 4.3.5.2 Environmentally related problems4.3.5.3 Disease and contamination4.3.5.4 Problem identification - diagnostic criteria4.3.5.5 Counter - measures against undesirable situations4.3.6 Biochemical composition during steady - state feeding and growth4.3.6.1 Proteins and essential amino acids4.3.6.2 Lipids and essential fatty acids 4.3.6.3 Vitamins and minerals4.3.7 Short - term enrichment techniques to improbve nutritional value4.3.7.1 Proteins4.3.7.2 Lipids and fatty acids4.3.8 Stability of nutritional value4.4 Production of Artemia 4.4.1 Feeding and Growth4.4.2 Biomass and biochemical composition4.4.3 Pre - enrichment cultivation4.4.3.1 Disinfection of cysts4.4.3.2 Decapsulation of cysts4.4.3.3 Hatching of cysts4.4.4 Enrichment and stability of n - 3 fatty acids4.4.4.1 n - 3 HUFA enrichment4.4.4.2 Stability of n - 3 fattyu acids post - enrichment4.4.5 n - 3 HUFA of Artmia juveniles4.4.6 Vitamins and minerals4.5 Marine copepods 4.6 Concluding remark4.7 References5. Brood Stock and Egg Production/ D.Pavlov,E.Kjorsvik,T.Refsti & O.ANdersen5.1 Reproductive strategies5.2 Gonad maturation5.2.1 Females5.2.2 Males5.2.3 Spawning once or many times ?5.2.4 Endocrine regulation5.3 Brood - stock management and egg production5.3.1 Brood - stocknutrition5.3.1.1 Ration size5.3.1.2 Feed compsition5.3.1.3 Fatty acids5.3.1.4 Micronutrients5.3.1.5 Pigments and minerals5.3.2 Photoperiod5.3.3 Temperature5.3.4 Present husbandry practices and egg collection5.3.4.1 Cod5.3.4.2 Turbot5.3.4.3 Atlantic halibut5.3.4.4 Wolf - fish5.4 Egg quality5.4.1 Assessment of egg quality5.4.1.1 Egg morphology5.4.1.2 Fertilisation success and cortical reaction5.4.1.3 Blostomere morphology5.4.1.4 Egg size 5.4.1.5 Chemical content5.4.1.6 Cytology5.4.1.7 Oxygen consumption5.4.1.8 Evaluating mammalian embryo quality5.4.2 Factors affecting egg quality5.4.2.1 Over - ripening 5.4.2.2 Viability of ovulated eggs in vivo 5.4.2.3 Viability of ovulated eggs in vitro5.4.2.4 Changes in the eggs5.4.3 Change in egg quality over the spawning season5.4.4 Maternal effects5.4.5 Conclusion5.5 Sperm production and quality5.5.1 Features of sperm production and quality5.5.1.1 Morphology5.5.1.2 Gonadosomatic index and ejaculate volume5.5.1.3 Concetration5.5.1.4 Motility5.5.1.5 Fertilising capacity5.5.1.6 Biochemistry and oxygen consumption5.5.2 Influence of environmental factors of sperm quality5.5.3 Sperm storage5.6 Selective breeding 5.6.1 Expected benefits5.6.2 Phenotypic value and variance5.6.3 Genotype by environmental interaction5.6.4 Breeding goal 5.6.5 Growth rate5.6.6 Feed effciency5.6.7 Disease resistance5.6.8 Quality5.6.9 Age at sexual maturation5.6.10 Base population and brodd - stock development5.6.11 Inbreeding5.6.12 Seliction methods5.6.12.1 Individual selection ( mass selection ) 5.6.12.2 Familuy selection5.6.12.3 Progeny testing5.6.12.4 Combined selection5.6.13 Response to selection5.6.14 Multi - trait selection5.7 Modern biotechonology and aquaculture5.7.1 Molecular pedigree analysis5.7.2 Genetic mapping and QTL analysis5.7.3 Transgenic fish5.7.4 Future prospects6. From Fertillisation to the End of Metamorphosis - Functional Development/ E.Kjorsvik,K.Pittman & D.Pavlov6.1 Intervals of fish ontogeny and definitions of the organism6.1.1 Relative durationof the various stages of development6.2 Egg classification6.2.1 Egg structure and composition6.3 Insemination and fertilisation6.4 Embryonic development and hatuching6.4.1 Cod ( Gadus morhua )6.4.2 Wolf - fish ( Anarhichas lupus )6.4.3 Embryo growth and yolk absorption6.5 From hatching to metamorphosis6.5.1 To be a larve...6.5.2 ...or not to be alarve6.5.3 The yolk - sac period - preparation for real ' real life '6.5.4 Metamorphosis6.6 Fnuctional development of organ systems from hatching to metamorphosis6.6.1 Sensory system6.6.1.1 Vision and the oculovestibular system6.6.1.2 Chemosensory system6.6.1.3 Lateral line6.6.2 Digestive system6.6.2.1 Gut,pancreas and liver differentiation6.6.2.2 Digestive enzymes6.6.2.3 Digestive physiology - lipids,proteins and carbohydrates6.6.2.4 Stomach development and metamorphosis6.6.3 Muscle and body skeleton6.6.3.1 Swimming capacity and muscle development 6.6.3.2 MUsclature changes during metamorphosis6.6.3.3 Skeletal changes6.6.4 Swim - bladder6.6.5 Osmoregulation6.6.6 Respiration and excretion6.6.7 Neuroendocrine systems6.6.8 Growth hormone,prolactin and cortisol6.6.9 The immune system6.6.10 Skin and pigmentation6.6.11 Larval feeding behavior6.6.12 Larval growth6.6.12.1 How can we express larval growth?6.6.13 Influence of diet6.6.14 Juvenile quality6.7 Hatchery design6.7.1 The demersal eggs of wolf - fish6.7.2 Pelagic eggs ( cod,turbot,halibut )6.7.2.1 Cod6.7.2.2 Turbot6.7.2.3 Halibut6.8 Critical aspects of larval cultivation6.9 References7. First Feeding Technology/ Y.Olsem,T.van der Meerne & K.I.Reitan7.1 Introduction7.2 Nutritional requirements fish larvae7.2.1 Essential fatty acids7.2.2 Main lipid classes7.2.3 Physiological basis of n - 3 HUFA requirements7.2.4 Protein and essential amino acids7.2.5 Protein versus lipid nutrition7.3 Definitions and system description7.3.1 Extensive systems: large closed nature - like systems7.3.2 Semi - intensive systems: lrge suspended mesocosms, enclosures or outdoor tanks7.3.3 Larval rearing in relatibely small tanks: classical intensive hatchery techniques7.3.3.1 Water tereatment and supply7.3.3.2 Production lines for live feed7.3.3.3 Larval rearing systems7.3.3.4 Automation and process control7.4 Larval rearing in ' nature - like systems '7.4.1 Pioneer work7.4.2 The ' lagoon method ' as a production system7.4.3 Larval food and feeding in mesocosms7.4.3.1 Initiation of exogenous feeding: the ' green gut '7.4.3.2 Prey selection7.4.3.3 Feeding,growth and survival7.5 Larval first feeding in intensive systems7.5.1 Physical chemical environmet7.5.2 Feeding characteristics of fish larvae7.5.2.1 Food selection7.5.2.2 Feeding and functional response7.5.2.3 Larval feeding rate of live feed7.5.2.4 Larval feeding on microalgae7.5.3 Feeding regime components for cold - water larviculture7.5.3.1 Microalgae7.5.3.2 Rotifers7.5.3.3 Artemia nauple7.5.3.4 Juvenile Artemia7.5.4 Tentative feeding regimes for common species7.5.4.1 Stocking densities7.5.4.2 Live food rations7.5.4.3 Atlantic cod and haddock7.5.4.4 Atlantic halibut7.5.4.5 Turbot7.5.4.6 Sole,wolf - fish and hake7.5.5 Growth - rate characteristics during first feeding7.5.6 Nutritional challenges and conflicts7.5.6.1 Criteria of nutritional value for live feed 7.5.6.2 Lipies and n - 3 HUFA7.5.6.3 Synergetic importance of lipids and proteins7.5.6.5 Vitamins and minerals7.5.6.6 General recommendations on larval nutrition7.5.7 Microbial conflicts and challenges7.5.7.1 Method of non - selective reduction of bacteria7.5.7.2 Methods for selective enhancement of favourable bacteria7.5.8 Use of ' green water ' techniques7.5.8.1 Effects of ' gree water '7.5.8.2 Nutrional effects7.5.8.3 Microbial effects7.5.8.4 Live feed retention time in Larval tanks7.6 Concluding remarks7.7 References8. Weaning and Nursery/ J.Stoss,K.Hamre & H.Ottera8.1 Introduction8.2 Developmental aspects of digesition in marine fish larvae8.3 Nutrition8.3.1 Macronutrient composition8.3.2 Composition of dietary protein8.3.3 Composition of the lipid fraction8.3.4 Vitamin supplementation8.4 Microparticulate diets8.5 Weaning and nursery stage,practical aspects8.5.1 General8.5.1.1 The role of early start feeding8.5.1.2 Early weaning and co - feeding8.5.1.3 Uptake and ingestion of formulated diets8.5.1.4 Availability of particulate food8.5.1.5 Tank hygiene8.5.1.6 Rearing temperature and light 8.5.1.7 Vaccination against bacterial diseases8.5.1.8 Handling of fish8.5.2 Cod8.5.2.1 Early weaning8.5.2.2 Weaning8.5.2.3 Cannibalis8.5.2.4 Gas bubble formation8.5.2.5 Nurser8.5.3 Turbot8.5.3.1 Early weaning8.5.3.2 Weaning8.5.3.3 Nursery8.5.3.4 Rearing density8.5.3.5 Tanks8.5.4 Halibut8.5.4.1 Growth8.5.4.2 Early weaning8.5.4.3 Weaning8.5.4.4 Nursery8.6 Refernces9. On - Growing to market Seze/ M.Jobling9.1 Introduction 9.2 Analysis of feeds and feedstuffs9.3 Protein requirements and sources9.4 Lipids and lipid requirements9.5 Carbohydrates9.6 Micronutrients: vitamins and minerals9.7 Feed types and formulations9.8 Feeding regimes and practices9.9 Growth and feed conversion9.10 Nutrient deposition and body composition9.11 Concluding comments9.12 Refernces10. The Status and Perspectives for the Species/ T.Svasan,H.M.Ottera,G.L.Taranger,M.Litvak,A.B.Skiftescik,R.M.Bjelland,D.A.Pavlov,J.Chr.Holm,T.Harboe,A.Mangor - Jensen,B.Norberg & B.Howell10.1 Atlantic cod10.1.1 Introduction10.1.2 Brood stock,egg production and incubation10.1.3 Extensive production10.1.4 Intensive production10.1.5 On - growing10.1.6 Future prospects10.1.7 References10.1.8 Further reading10.2 Haddock10.2.1 Introduction10.2.2 Brood stock,egg Production and incubation10.2.3 Larval rearing10.2.4 Weaning and on - Growing10.2.5 Health10.2.6 Commercial development10.2.7 Future prospects10.2.8 Further reading10.3 Hake 10.3.1 Introduction10.3.2 Egg production and incubation10.3.3 Larval rearing10.3.4 Weaning and on - growing10.3.5 Future prospects10.3.6 References10.5 Halibut10.5.1 Introduction10.5.2 Brood stock,egg production and incubation10.5.3 Larval rearing10.5.4 Weaning and on - growing10.5.5 On - growing systems10.5.6 References10.6 Turbot10.6.1 Introduction10.6.2 Brood stock,egg production and incubation10.6.3 Larval rearing10.6.4 Weaning and on - growing10.6.5 On - growing systems10.6.6 References10.7 Sole10.7.1 Introduction10.7.2 Brood stock,egg production and incubation10.7.3 Larval rearing10.7.4 Weaning and on - growing10.7.5 On - growing systems10.7.6 References11. Marine Stock Enhancement and Sea - ranching/ T.Svasand & E.Moksness11.1 Introduction11.2 Stock enhancement and sea - ranching in Europe and North America11.2.1 Atlantic cod11.2.2 Other cold - water species11.3 Stock enhancement and sea - ranching in Asia11.4 Prospects and limitations of enhancement and sea - ranching11.4.1 Biological constraints11.4.2 Economic constraints11.5 Recommendations and guidelines11.6 Refernces12. New Species in Aquaculture: Some Basic Economic Aspects/ R.Engelsen,F.Skgennum & G.Adoff12.1 Introduction12.1.1 Markets,Productivity and Production growth12.1.2 The economics of a market and productivty12.1.3 The evolution of the salmon industry12.1.4 The evolution of the sea bass and sea bream industry12.1.5 The evolution of the American catfish industry12.2 Cod12.3 Haddock12.4 European hake12.5 Wolf - fish12.6 Halibut12.7 Turbot12.8 Sole12.9 Conclusions12.10 Refernces...(more)" |