| schema:description | "内容記述: Chapter1. Introduction/ N.GreigChapter2.Mutualism,Antihervore Defense,and Trophic Cascades: Piper Ant - Plants as a Mesocosm for Experimentation/ D.K.Letourneau2.1 Introduction2.2 Stydy Sites2.3 Plants2.4 Herbivores2.5 Ant Mutualists2.6 Top Predators2.7 Other Endophytic Authropods,Nematodes,and Annelids2.8 Mutualism Experiments2.8.1 Evidence for Nutrient Procurement by Pheidole Bicornis Plant - Ants2.8.2 Evidence for Defense against Folicores by Pheidoe bicornis Plant - Ants2.8.3 Evidence for Higher Fitness in Establishing Fragments via Defense against Folivores2.8.4 Evidence for Additonal Plant Fitness Advantages Afforeded by Ph.Bicornis Plant - Ants2.9 Tritrophic Interactions and Antiherbivore Defenese2.10 Trophic Cascades2.10.1 Experimental Test I: Do Trophic Cascades OPerate on the Four Trophic Level System Associated with P.cenocladum Ant - Plants?2.10.2 Experimental Test 2: Can Top - Down and Bottom - Up Forces Affect Animal Dis\versity in the Endophytic Community of P.Cenocladum Ant - Plants?2.10.3 Experimental Test 3: Can Indirect Effects of Top Predators Extend to Other Plants in the Understory Community of Piper Ant - Plants?2.11 ConclusionChapter3. Pollination Ecology and Resource partitioning in Neotropical Pipers/ Rodolfo Antonio de Figueiredo & Marlies Sazima3.1 Introduction3.2 Pollination and Resource Patritioning in Piper3.2.1 Study Site and Species of the Brazilian Study 3.2.2 Habit and Habitat Utilization3.2.3 Vegetative Reproduction3.2.4 Reproductive Phenology3.2.5 Pollination and Visitors3.3 Conclusions: Pollination and Resource Partitioning of Pipers in Light of Evolutionary and Conservative Ecology3.4 Guidelines for Future Research on The Pollination of Pipers Chapter4. Dispersal Ecology - of neotropical Piper Shrubs and Treelets/ Theodore H.Fleming4.1 Introduction4.2 The piper Bats4.3 Piper Fruting Phenology and Dispersal Ecology4.3.1 Fruiting Phenology4.3.2 Patterns of Sed Dispersal4.3.3 Fates of Seeds4.3.4 Postdispersasl Distribution Patterns4.4 Coevolutionary Aspects of Bat - Piper Interactions4.5 ConclusionsChapter5. Biogeography of Neotropical Piper/ Robert J.Marquis5.1 Introduction5.2 Methods5.3 Results5.3.1 Biogeographic Affinities and Regional Species Pools5.3.2 Correlates of LOcal Species Richness5.3.3 Variation in Growth Form and Hbitat Affinity5.4 DisucussionChapter6. Faunal Studies in Model Piper spp.Systems ,with a Focus on Spider - Induced indirect Interactions and Novel Insect 0 Piper Mutualisms/ Karin R.Gastreich & Grant L.Gentry6.1 introduction6.2 The Case of Piper Obliquum6.3 The Case of Piper Urostachyum6.3.1 Plant Characteristics that Encourage Mutualism6.3.2 Resident Arthropods6.3.2a Herbivores6.3.2b Mutualist Predators6.3.2c Parasites of the Mutualism?6.3.2d Possible Mutualisms and the Effects of Spiders6.4 Summary and ConclusionsChapter7. Isolation,Synthesis,and Evolutionary Ecology of Piper Amides/ Lee Dyer,Joe Richards,and Craig Dodson7.1 Introduction to Piper Chemistry7.2 Isolation and Quantification of Piper Amides7.3 Synthesis of Piper Amides and Their Analogs7.4 Ecology of Piper Chemistry7.5 Evolution of Piper Chemistry7.6 Applied Piper Chemistry7.7 Future Research on Piper ChemistryChapter8. Kava ( Piper nethysticum ): Growth in Tissue Culture and InVitro Production of Kavapyrones/ Donald P.Briskin,Hideka Kobayashi,Mary Ann Lila & Margaret Gawienowski8.1 Introduction8.2 Origins of Kava Use and Discovery by Western Cultures8.3 Description of Kava ( Piper Methysticum ) and Its Growth for Use in Kava Production8.4 Active Phytochemicals present in Kava Extracts8.5 Issues Regarding the Potential Hepatotoxicity of Kava Extracts8.6 Significance of Tissue Culture Growth in Kava Production and Phytochemical Research8.7 Establishment of Kava Cell Cultures and the Determination of In Vitro Kavapyrone Production8.8 Regeneration of Viable Kava Plants from Kava Cell Cultures 8.9 Summary and PerspectiveChapter9. Phylogenitic Patterns, Evolutionary Trends,and the Origin of Ant - Plant Associations in Piper Section Macrostanchys: Burger's Hypotheses Revisited/ Eric.J.Tepe,Michael A.Vincent & Linda E.Watson9.1 Introduction9.2 Taxonomic History of Piper sect. Macrostachys9.3 natural History of Piper sect . Macrostachys9.4 Phylogenetic Relationships in Piper sect. Macrostachys9.5 Burger's Hypotheses Revisited9.5.1 Systematic Relationaships9.5.2 Evolutionary Trends9.6 Ant - Plant Associations in Piper sect. Macrostachys9.6.1 Origins and Evolutionary Trends9.6.2 Evolutionof the Mutualism9.6.2a Obligate associations and hollow stems9.6.2b Petiolar domatia and faculative associations9.6.2c Pearl Bodies9.6.2d Origin of ant - associatied plant structures9.7 ConclusionChapter10. Current Perspectives on the Classification and Phylogenetics of the Geenus Piper L/ M.Alejandra Jaramillo & Ricardo Callejas10.1 Introduction10.2 Classification 10.2.1 Getting Articulated10.3 Phylogeny10.3.1 Phylogenetic Relationships of tthe Piperales: A Test of Piper's Monophyly10.3.2 Infrageneric Relationships of Piper10.3.2a Neotropical Taxa 10.3.2b South pacifec and Asian taxa10.54 Evolutionary Aspects10.4.1 Flower Morphology10.4.2 Plant ArchitectureChapter11. Future Research in Piper Bilogy/ M.Alejandra Jaramillo & Robert Marquis11.1 Introduction11.2 Plant - Animal Interations11.3 Abiotic Factors11.4 Geographical Distribution11.5 Summary...(more)" |